Hypertext Conference Submissions 1989 - 2000

Available Years:

1989 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Guided tours and on-line presentations: how authors make existing hypertext intelligible for readers
Author	Catherine C. Marshall, Peggy M. Irish
Affiliation	systems Sciences Laboratory, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304
Abstract	Hypertext systems like NoteCards provide facilities for authoring large networks. But they provide little support for the associated task of making these networks intelligible to future readers. Presentation conventions may be imported from other related media, but because the conventions have not yet been negotiated within a community of hypertext readers and writers, they provide only a partial solution to the problem of guiding a reader through an existing network of information. In this paper we will discuss how a recent facility, Guided Tours, has been used to organize hypertext networks for presentation. The use of Guided Tours in NoteCards has exposed a set of authoring issues, and has provided us with examples of solutions to the problems associated with on-line presentations.
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pp	15-26

References

 

Title	Programmable Browsing Semantics in Trellis
Author	Richard Furuta, P. David Stotts
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
Abstract	In this report we outline a technique by which a hypertext system can offer flexible, programmable browsing behavior, or browsing semantics. Differences in the way documents are to be browsed can be specified by an author on a document-by-document basis, or by a style designer for an entire class of documents. The ability to specify and modify how a browser presents information is an important and useful property in general.
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pp	27-42

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Title	Hypermedia Topologies and User Navigation
Author	H. v.d. Parunak
Affiliation	Industrial Technology Institute, PO Box 1485, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA tel: 313-769-4049 e-mail:van@iti.org
Abstract	One of the major problems confronting users of large hypermedia systems is that of navigation: knowing where one is, where one wants to go, and how to get there from here. This paper contributes to this problem in three steps: first it articulates a number of navigational strategies that people use in physical (geographical) navigation; second, it correlates these with various graph topologies, showing how and why appropriately restricting the connectivity of a hyperbase can improve the ability of users to navigate. Third, it analyses some common hypermedia navigational mechanisms in terms of navigational strategies and graph topology.
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pp	43-50

References

 

Title	Design Issues for Multi-Document Hypertexts
Author	Robert J. Glushko
Affiliation	Search Technology Inc., 4725 Peachtree Corners Circle, Suite 200, Norcross, GA 30092
Abstract	Vannevar Bush conceived of hypertext as the computer glue that binds information from a wide variety of books, documents, communications, and other artifacts to enhance its accessibility and usefulness. However, most of the recent hyper-activity in research labs and in the marketplace falls short of Bush’s vision. Most hypertext software is oriented toward hypertext as a new form of writing via incremental combination of bits and pieces of information. These hypertext programs typically provide little support for converting existing information from its more linear printed form. Where hypertexts have been created from existing text, they generally have been converted from a single encyclopaedia, single reference document, or a single system’s documentation. Hypertexts that integrate the complete contents of more than one book or large document seem non-existent, even though the expected benefits from such multi-document hypertexts were the original motivation for the concept.
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pp	51-60

References

 

Title	Asynchronous Design/Evaluation Methods for Hypertext Technology Development
Author	Gary Perlman
Affiliation	Department of Computer and Information Science, The Ohio State University, 2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1277, USA E-mail: perlman@cis.ohio-state.edu
Abstract	A process model used in the design and evaluation of hypertext systems is discussed. The model includes asynchronous processes of task analysis, document analysis, literature survey and systems evaluation, interpretation of data, designing and building systems, and collecting data. For each process, experiences with NaviText SAM, a hypertext interface to a reference source, are discussed. A variety of new methods for evaluation of experimental systems are presented along with several empirical results.
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pp	61-81

References

 

Title	Towards a Design Language for Representing Hypermedia Cues
Author	Shelley Evenson and John Rheinfrank; with Wendie Wulff
Affiliation	Exploratory Design Lab, Fitch RichardsonSmith, Department of English, Carnegie Mellon University.
Abstract	Hypermedia Systems are no longer just interesting experimental software environments. They are common tools in the world of everyday work. People who do not program, but who are computer literate and who want to go beyond the capabilities of word processing, spreadsheet and presentation software packages now use systems like Apple’s Hypercard, Owl’s Guide, Silicon Beach’s Supercard and Xerox’s Notecards not only to communicate, but to perform tasks that involve creating and integrating knowledge. This raises som important issues for designers of hypermedia systems. One of the largest is how to represent which pieces of information are linked and which pieces aren’t, within a give system or task domain. This, in turn, raises the issue of standards. Should representations of hyperness be consistent across systems and work domains, or should there be indicidual standards for representing hyperness within systems and work domains. The advantage of a standard is that it may assist users in discovering or labeling what is or isn’t hyper across a wide variety of systems. The disadvantage is that a standard severely limits the opportunities of creating systems that are closely connected to the content of specific areas of work, work environments and work tools Thus the apparent choice is between adopting a rigid hypermedia cuing standard, or redesigning hypermedia cues for each application.
Keywords
pp	83-92

References

 

FACE="Book Antiqua" SIZE=2> Title	Facilitating the development of representations in hypertext with IDE
Author	Daniel S. Jordan, Daniel M. Russell, Anne-Marie S. Jensen, Russell A. Rogers
Affiliation	System Sciences Laboratory, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304
Abstract	Hypertext systems are used for a variety of representational tasks, many that involve fairly formalized structures. Because hypertext systems are generally intended for developing informal (unstructured data) and semi-formal (semantic networks) structures, developing more formal structures can be difficult. Regular patterns in structures must often be recreated from primitive elements (individual nodes and links) resulting in a high overhead cost. In this paper we describe the instructional design environment, or IDE, a hypertext system application that facilitates the rapid and accurate creation of regular network patterns in hypertext. IDE focuses on the task of instructional design, but its facilities are general and useful to many representation tasks. IDE features structure accelerators that provide simple menu interfaces to define network structures out of patterns of typed node and link connections, create new node types that contain structured content, and tailor the interface for creating crds, links and structures to focus attention during different stages of the representation task. These mechanisms allow the user to tailor the hypertext environment to better meet his or her representational needs. We also report on the field use of IDE by instructional designers.
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pp	93-104

References

 

Title	JANUS: Integrating hypertext with a knowledge-based design environment
Author	1. Gerhard Fischer, Raymond McCall and 2. Anders Morch
Affiliation	1. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309; 2. Intelligent Interfaces Group, NYNEX Science and Technology, White Plains, NY 10604
Abstract	Hypertext systems and other complex information stores offer little or no guidance in helping users find information useful for activities they are currently engaged in. Most users are not interested in exploring hypertext information spaces per se but rather in obtaining information to solve problems or accomplish tasks. As a step towards this we have developed the JANUS design environment. JANUS allows designers to construct artifacts in the domain of architectural design and at the same time to be informed about principles of design and the reasoning underlying them. This process integrates two design activities: construction and argumentation. Construction is supported by a hypertext system. Our empirical evaluations of JANUS and its predecessors has shown that integrated support for construction and argumentation is necessary for full support of design.
Keywords	hypertext, knowledge-based systems, construction, argumentation, informed design, human problem-domain communication, construction kits, design environments, issue-based information systems (IBIS), procedural hierarchy of issues (PHI) methodology
pp	105-117

References

 

Title	Towards an Integrated Maintenance Advisor
Author	Phil Hayes and Jeff Pepper
Affiliation	Carnegie Group Inc. 5 PPG Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Abstract
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pp	119-127

References

 

Title	Distributed Hypertext for Collaborative Research: The Virtual Notebook System
Author	F. M. Shipman III, R. Jesse Chaney, G. Anthony Gorry
Affiliation	Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Abstract
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pp	129-135

References

 

Title	Sun’s Link Service: A Protocol for Open Linking
Author	Amy Pearl
Affiliation	Sun Microsystems, 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043
Abstract	Sun’s Link Service, a product shipped with Sun’s programming in the large software development environment, the Network Software Environment, allows users to make and maintain explicit and persistent bi-directional relationships between autonomous front-end applications. The Link Service defines a protocol for an extensible and loosely coupled, or open, hypertext system. An interesting instance of this is the ability to link to objects in closed hypertext systems if they integrate with the Link Service. The Link Service addresses link maintenance and automated versioning. Link end-points or nodes are defined by the integrating applications, and are not restricted to points, whole documents, or cards.
Keywords
pp	137-146

References

 

Title	A Visual Representation for Knowledge Structures
Author	Michael Travers
Affiliation	MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 e-mail: mt@media-lab.media.mit.edu
Abstract	Knowledge based systems often represent their knowledge as a network of interrelated units. Such networks are commonly presented to the user as a diagram of nodes connected by lines. These diagrams have provided a powerful visual metaphor for knowledge representation. However, their complexity can easily become unmanageable as the knowledge base (KB) grows. This paper describes an alternate visual representation for navigating knowledge structures based on a virtual museum metaphor. This representation uses nested boxes rather than linked nodes to represent relations. The intricate structure of the knowledge base is conveyed by a combination of position, size, color and font cues. MUE (Museum Unit Editor) was implemented using this representation to provide a graphic front end for the Cyc knowledge base.
Keywords
pp	147-158

References

 

Title	Using Hypertext in a Law Firm
Author	1. E. Yoder, 2. T. C. Wettach
Affiliation	1. Knowledge Workshop, 4750 Old William Penn Highway, Murrysville, Pennsylvania 15668 2. Reed Smith Shaw and McClay, James H. Reed Building, Mellon Square, 435 Sixth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219-1886
Abstract
Keywords
pp	159-167

References

 

Title	Hypertext Challenges in the Auditing Domain
Author	Laura DeYoung
Affiliation	Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, 68 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA94025 e-mail: deyoung@pw.com
Abstract	Auditing is the process by which an opinion is formed on the financial statements of a company by a group of outside professional accountants. Large numbers of documents pertaining to the company’s business are examined and many more are produced during an audit in order to arrive at and provide a basis for this opinion. These documents contain a wide variety of interrelated information. Capturing these interrelationships is essential to performing an effective audit. Currently, this is accomplished by using a highly-structured, manual hypertext system. While quite effective, the system is difficult and time-consuming to maintain, and can become unwieldy when conducting an audit for a very large company. We are in the process of developing an electronic system to meet the needs of this complex task. The complexity of the referencing system challenges current hypertext and user interface technology. At the same time, the structure of the domain affords an interesting application area within which to explore and more fully develop hypertext techniques. During the course of this project, we are exploring automatic generation of links, automatic generation of documents, hypertext path creation and access, creation of a typed-link topology for the domain, referencing of individual points and regions within documents, linking bodies of hypertext, and many other issues.
Keywords
pp	169-180

References

 

Title	Computational Hypertext in Biological Modelling
Author	J. L. Schnase, J. J. Leggett
Affiliation	Hypertext Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843
Abstract	This paper describes an application of hypertext to a biological research problem. An individual energetics model for Cassin’s Sparrow was developed in which the computations and intellectual activities associated with each phase of the research were performed within an integrated hypertext environment. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of computational hypertext in meeting the personal information management requirements of individual researchers in the natural sciences and its ability to speed the dissemination of research results within a community of scholars. Most important, the study shows how hypertext can be "phased in" to support traditional scholarship in disciplines that are otherwise slow to respond to emerging computer technologies.
Keywords	computational hypertext, hypertext publishing, information management, collaboration, simulation modelling, natural sciences
pp	181-197

References

 

Title	Information retrieval from hypertext: update on the dynamic medical handbook project
Author	Mark E. Frisse, Steve B. Cousins
Affiliation	Medical Informatics Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Computing and Department of Computer Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue (Box 8121), St. Louis, Missouri 63130 E-mail: frisse@wucs1.wustl.edu
Abstract	This paper attempts to provide a perspective from which to develop a more complete theory of information retrieval from hypertext documents. Viewing hypertexts as large information spaces, we compare two general classes of navigation methods, classes we call local and global. We argue that global methods necessitate some form of index space conceptually separate from the hypertext document space. We note that the architectures of both spaces effect the ease with which one can apply various information retrieval algorithms. We identify a number of different index space and document space architectures and we discuss some of the associated trade offs between hypertext functionality and computational complexity. We show how some index space architectures can be exploited for enhanced information retrieval, query refinement, and automated reasoning. Through analysis of a number of prototype systems, we discuss current limitations and future potentials for various hypertext information retrieval structures.
Keywords
pp	199-211

References

 

Title	A Retrieval Model for Incorporating Hypertext Links
Author	W. B. Croft, H. Turtle
Affiliation	Computer and Information Science Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
Abstract
Keywords
pp	213-224

References

 

Title	The Use of Cluster Hierarchies in Hypertext Information Retrieval
Author	Donald B. Crouch, Carolyn J. Crouch, Glenn Andreas
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota - Duluth, 320 Heller Hall, Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Abstract	The graph traversal approach to hypertext information retrieval is a conceptualization of hypertext in which the structural aspects of the nodes are emphasized. A user navigates through such hypertext systems by evaluating the semantics associated with links between nodes as well as the information contained in nodes. In this paper we describe a hierarchical structure which effectively supports the graphical traversal of a document collection in a hypertext system. We provide an overview of an interactive browser based on cluster hierarchies. Initial results obtained from the use of the browser in an experimental hypertext retrieval system are presented.
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pp	225-237

References

 

Title	The Matters that Really Matter for Hypertext Usability
Author	Jakob Nielsen
Affiliation	Technical University of Denmark, Department of Computer Science, Building 344, DK-2800 Lyngby Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: datJN@NEUVM1.bitnet
Abstract	We compare 92 benchmark measurements of various usability issues related to hypertext which have been published in the hypertext literature in order to find which ones have shown the largest effects.
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pp	239-248

References

 

Title	Expanding the Notion of Links
Author	Steven J. DeRosse
Affiliation	Summer Institute of Linguistics, 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Road, Dallas, TX 75236
Abstract	Research in the humanities, particularly in text-oriented fields such as Classics and Religious studies, poses particular challenges to hypertext and hypermedia systems. The complex set of primary and secondary documents form an intricate, highly interconnected network, for the representation of which hypertext is ideal. The variety and quantity of links which are needed pose challenges especially for data structures and for display and navigation tools. The specific needs arise in other contexts as well, particularly those with very large or complicated document collections. In this paper I shall classify and discuss these needs with illustrations from the CD-Word project at Dallas Theological Seminary, the Perseus Project at Harvard University, and a variety of other hypermedia systems.
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pp	249-257

References

 

Title	Hypertext and the Hyperreal
Author	Stuart Moulthrop
Affiliation	Department of English, Yale University, PO Box 7355, Yale Station, New Haven, Connectivut, 06520
Abstract
Keywords
pp	259-267

References

 

Title	Expressing Structural Hypertext Queries in GraphLog
Author	M. P. Consens, A. O. Mendelzon
Affiliation	Computer Systems Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A4
Abstract	GraphLog is a visual query language in which queries are formulated by drawing graph patterns. The hyperdocument graph is searched for all occurrences of these patterns. The language is powerful enough to allow the specification and manipulation of arbitrary subsets of the network and supports the computation of aggregate functions on subgraphs of the hyperdocument. It can support dynamically defined structures as well as inference capabilities, going beyond current static and passive hypertext systems. The expressive power of the language is a fundamental issue: too little power limits the applications of the language, while too much makes efficient implementation difficult and probably affects ease of use. The complexity and expressive power of GraphLog can be characterized precisely by using notions from deductive database theory and descriptive complexity. In this paper, from a practical point of view, we present examples of GraphLog queries applied to several different hypertext systems, providing evidence for the expressive power of the language, as well as for the convenience and naturalness of its graphical representation. We also describe an ongoing implementation of the language.
Keywords
pp	269-292

References

 

Title	VISAR: A System for Inference and Navigation in Hypertext
Author	Peter Clitherow, Doug Riecken, Michael Muller
Affiliation	Bellcore, 444 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
Abstract	Hypertext systems have traditionally been constructed by hand. This process can stand improvement in several aspects: it is laborious; requires a human to understand the text and infer all the relationships between the concepts/topics; and while the resulting hypertext may be traversed by a reader in an arbitrary fashion, s/he may still find it difficult to understand the concepts as expressed by the builder of the hypertext. We present a knowledge-intensive assistant for building hypertext fragments from a knowledge base customised both explicitly and implicitly by a user. Such a presentation may clarify relationships between concepts that were present implicitly in multiple sources of information. In the domain of an intelligent information retrieval system, we show how such an assistant may render customised views of knowledge extracted in a manageable form. While the presentation medium of the original system is graphic, we also speculate that presentation of the information in alternative hypermedia appears to be straightforward.
Keywords
pp	293-304

References

 

Title	What to do when there’s too much information
Author	Michael Lesk
Affiliation	Bellcore, 445 South Street, Morristown, NJ 07960-1910
Abstract	Hypertext systems with small units of text are likely to drown the user with information, in the same way that online catalogs or bibliographic retrieval systems often do. Experiments with a catalog of 800,000 book citations have shown two useful ways of dealing with the too many hits problem. One is a display of phrases containing the excessively frequent words; another is a display of titles by hierarchical category. The same techniques should apply to other text-based retrieval systems. In general, interactive solutions seem more promising than attempts to do detailed query analysis and get things right first time.
Keywords
pp	305-318

References

 

Title	The Role of External Representations in the Writing Process: implications for the design of hypertext-based writing tools
Author	Christine M. Neuwirth, David S. Kaufer
Affiliation	English Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
Abstract	The long-range goal of the research reported here is to study the role of hypertext-based external representations in augmenting performance on a cognitively complex task, in particular, on a synthesis writing task. The production of a written synthesis is a challenging task that requires managing large amounts of information over an extended period of time. Thus, synthesis writing is a task that is well-suited for testing the potential of hypertext technologies to support work on complex tasks. From a case study of experts and novices, we have developed a theory of the cognitive processes involved in producing written synthesis. We have also developed a preliminary theory of the role of external representations in the writing process. We have drawn upon these two theories to design several hypertext-based external representations that we believe will augment writers’ performance on a written synthesis task. The hypertext-based applications include a general graph object and a table object. These objects form the foundation for a set of specialized tools to support synthesis writing, namely, a summary graph, synthesis grid and synthesis tree.
Keywords
pp	319-340

References

 

Title	From Ideas and Arguments to Hyperdocuments: travelling through activity spaces
Author	Norbert A. Streitz, Jorg Hannemann, Manfred Thuring
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute, Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung mbH, Dolivostrasse 15, D-6100 Darmstadt, F. R. Germany
Abstract
Keywords
pp	343-364

References

 

Title	InterNote: Extending a hypermedia framework to support annotative collaboration
Author	Timothy Catlin, Paulette Bush, Nicole Yankelovich
Affiliation	Institute for Research In Infromation and Scholarship (IRIS), Brown University, Box 1946, Providence, RI 02912
Abstract	Based on three years of user feedback, a design team at IRIS embarked on a project to enhance intermedia to better support small groups of collaborators, particularly those involved with document review and revision. Towards this end, we defined user-level requirements for the new functionality. The result of this procees was the design and implementation of InterNote. One aspect of InterNote involves a fundamental extension to Intermedia’s navigational linking paradigm. Instead of simply being able to traverse links, users are now also able to transfer data across the links using a technique we call warm linking. In this paper we describe extensions to our hypermedia framework to support annotative collaboration, including the user interface of the new linking functionality and the InterNote extension. Finally, we discuss our plans for future work.
Keywords
pp	365-378

References

1990 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Building Hypertext on a multimedia toolkit: an overview of Andrew Toolkit Hypermedia Facilities
Year	1990
Author	M. Sherman, W. J. Hansen, M. McInerny, T. Neuendorgger
Affiliation	Information Technology Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4910 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA E-mail: mss+echt90@andrew.cmu.edu
Abstract	This paper discusses several hypermedia facilities built on top of the Andrew Toolkit (ATK) and their use in ATK applications. As a general-purpose, multimedia, application-development system, ATK permits many kinds of links, references and other connections to be made within pieces of content and between pieces of content, regardless of the content’s medum. We argue that starting with a multimedia architecture facilitates the construction of all forms of hypermedia Four specific hypermedia facilities implemented with ATK are discussed: an integrated web and indexing system (help), a simple multimedia link facility (link), a cross reference (Textref) capability, and a link-supporting embedded object language (Ness). As a toolkit, ATK is used to build other applications which inherit ATK’s hypermedia facilities. Therefore we consider briefly the way that hypermedia facilities are used in conventional applications, such as mail systems.
Keywords	hypertext, implementation, multimedia
pp	13-24

References

 

Title	The Toolkit Approach to Hypermedia
Year	1990
Author	1. J. J. Puttress; 2. N. M. Guimaraes
Affiliation	1. AT&T Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974-2070, USA 2. INESC, R. Alves Redol, 9, 60, 1000Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract	Hypermedia systems are usually developed as a single, self-contained application making the system specialized and difficult to retool for other applications. Thus each system requires the redevelopment of hypermedia storage and display capabilities. As long as developers need to write underlying hypermedia mechanisms, it remains impractical to extend hypermedia to many new domains. Our effort focuses on developing a toolkit that can be used by developers to add hypermedia functionality to their tools, independent of their particular application or environment. By doing this, we gain flexibility and provide a common framework allowing applications to share information and user interface capabilities. The toolkit provides a simply hypermedia data model and an object-oriented user interface. The data model stores the underlying hypermedia structure and the application’s data. The user interface model separates the data and the view components of the objects, which permits the construction of interfaces independent of the final display platform. The combination of these two components provides a powerful toolkit capable of either adding a touch of hypermedia to an application or constructing a monolithic hypermedia system. We describe the constraints of our development environments, our toolkit, and some typical applications of the toolkit, as well as our future plans.
Keywords	hypermedia, user interfaces, CASE
pp	25-37

References

 

Title	Scenario-Based Hypermedia: a model and a system
Year	1990
Author	Ryuichi Ogawa, Hiroaki Harada, Asao Kaneko
Affiliation	NEC Corporation, C&C Information Technology Research Laboratories, 4-1`-1 Miyazaki, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213, Japan
Abstract	This paper discusses an extended hypermedia model which presents data according to timed scripts. The model is intended to expand the notion of nodes and lins, so that hypermedia systems can easily handle time-based, media-composite data objects, including audio and video. It provides script-based nodes to present text-graphic and audio visual data synchronously and buttons to control the data sequence. Based on this model, a prototype hypermedia system Videobook has been implemented and used experimentally. This paper also discusses the authoring issues and educational applications developed on Videobook.
Keywords	multimedia. Scene node, trigger button, script, videobook
pp	38-51

References

 

Title	A hypertext model supporting query mechanisms
Year	1990
Author	Foto Afrati, Constantinos D. Koutras
Affiliation	National Technical University of Athens, Division of Computer Science, Department of Electrical Engineering, 157073 Zographou, Athens, Greece. E-mail: afrati@theseas.ntua.gr; koutras@theseas.ntus.gr
Abstract	A formal model of hypertext is described in this paper. The purpose is two-fold: building on Garg’s work to enhance his model so as to express advanced features of hypertesxt systems (such as structured nodes, scripts, typed and attributed links); and to demonstrate the expressive power of the model by showing that several problems concerning knowledge organization, browsing and navigation in the hyperspace, may have a simple solution in the framework of the model, as a result of a powerful query mechanism. The principles and fundamentals of the model are defined in detail, while its power and simplicity is illustrated by presenting some simple examples of information organization in hypertext fashion.
Keywords	hypertext, node, link, script, button, region
pp	52-66

References

 

Title	A logical query language for hypertext systems
Year	1990
Author	Catriel Beeri, Yoram Knoratzky
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science/Leibniz Center for Research in Computer Science, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. E-mail: {beeri, yoramk}@hujics
Abstract	The search capabilities of hypertext systems are currently limited to retrieving collections of nodes and links based on predicates on their attributes and contents. To support sophisticated applications and user-tailored views of a hypertext document, we need a query language able to retrieve parts of a hypertext based on a specification of their structure. We present a logical query language permitting the formulation of such structural queries over hypertext. While the language is propositional, it includes a general notion of quatifier of the form appropriate for hypertext networks. Quantifiers are used for expressing formulas of the form: for most paths from the current node, claim X holds. In particular, most quantified assertions in natural language are directly represented in our logic. Formulas in the language are used for a declarative definition of sophisticated user-tailored views of a hypertext document.
Keywords	query languages, views, generalized quantifiers
pp	67-80

References

 

Title	A Model for Hypertext-based Information Retrieval
Year	1990
Author	Dario Lucarella
Affiliation	Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Informazione, Universita degli studi di Milano, via Moretto da Brescia 9, 1-20133 Milano, Italy; Centro Ricerca di Automatica, Enel, Via Volta 1, 1-20093 ColognoM (Mi) Italy.
Abstract	This paper approaches the problem of information retrieval from hyeprtext. Int his context, the retrieval process is regarded as a process of inference that can be carried out either by the user exploring the hypertext network (browsing_ or by the system, exploiting the hypertext network as a knowledge base (searching). That is the reason why a comprehensive model should take into account both of the perspectives, combining effectively browsing and searching in a unified framework. In the following, such a model is defined and implementation issues are outlined for a hypertext-based information retrieval system.
Keywords	hypertext models, information retrieval, knowledge-based systems, intelligent searching, plausible reasoning
pp	81-94

References

 

Title	HyperBase: a hypermedia engine based on a relational database management system
Year	1990
Author	Helge A Schutt, Norbert A. Streitz
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute, GMD-IPSI, PO Box 104326, D-6100 Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany E-mail: schuett@darmstadt.gmd.dbp.de
Abstract	Hypertext systems are valuable tools for creating, restructuring, and presenting information bases. Until now, little has been done with respect to the underlying data model and even less with respect to system support for such a model. This leads to a significant mismatch between sophisticated organizational structures at the user interface level and the actual storage of persistent objects in simple file systems. Therefore, we have developed a general data model for hypertext data and implemented that model with the help of a database system. Here we exploit the fairly complex functionality of a commercially available relational database management system to implement a general purpose hypermedia engine which we call HyperBase
Keywords	datamodels of hypertext, hypertext abstract machines, DBMS support for hypertext systems
pp	95-108

References

 

Title	Hyperindices: a novel aid for searching in hypermedia
Year	1990
Author	P. D. Bruza
Affiliation	Department of Information Systems, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands. E-mail: peterb@cs.kun.nl
Abstract	In this article the formal basis of hyperindices is given. Hyperindices are a new means for supporting effective search in hypermedia. The basis of the hyperindex, the so-called index expression, is treated in detail. It is shown how the hyperindex can be constructed using the structural properties of the index expression. The hyperindex is placed in a general framework for indexes which features quantitative and qualitative criteria with which index effectiveness can be judged.
Keywords	hypertext, information retrieval, indexing
pp	109-122

References

 

Title	Intelligent Hypertext for normative knowledge in engineering
Year	1990
Author	D. Schwabe, B. Feijo, W. G. Krause
Affiliation	Departamental de Informatica, Pontificia Universidade Catolica - RJ, R. Marques de S. Vicente, 225, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22453, Brasil
Abstract	We present a system that combines hypertext with a semantic representation of engineering norms. Since the representation is done via a Prolog encoding of an And/Or graph, it is possibleto discuss the relation between the execution of the representation of the norm and navigation in the hypertext. The system incorporates an interpretation of the norm by experts, and it is shown how this interpretation can be regarded also as an hyperview onto the hypertext.
Keywords	norms, prolog, knowledge based systems
pp	123-136

References

 

Title	Author’s Argumentation Assistant: A hypertext based authoring tool for argumentative texts
Year	1990
Author	1. Wolfgang Schuler; 2. John B. Smith
Affiliation	1. Integrated publication and information systems institute, PO Box 104326, D-6100 Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. E-mail: schuler@darmstadt.gmd.dbp.de 2. Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, CB#3175 Sitterson Hall, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3175, USA. E-mail: jbs@cs.unc.edu
Abstract	We present the conceptualization and implementation of AAA, a prototype authoring tool for creating argumentation based hyperdocuments. AAA is part of a more comprehensive effort of GMD-IPSI, where the hypertext authoring system SEPIA (Structured Elicitation and Processing of Ideas for Authoring) is developed. AAA will be used for writing and design experiments the results of which will be used in the design of SEPIA. It is designed to support the creation of argumentation patterns in accordance with the IBIS/PHI model combined with a micro argumentation structure according to Toulmin. For rapid prototyping purposes it has been implemented as a hypertext system using the Writing Environment WE developed at UNC. AAA uses a combination of different independent but cooperating modes of operation dedicated to different cognitive tasks of the argumentative writing process. The entire argumentation structure is represented as a layered network of typed nodes and links in which different layers correspond to different levels of abstraction.
Keywords	authoring system, hypertext application, argumentation model
pp	137-151

References

 

Title	PHIDIAS: integrating CAD graphics into dynamic hypertext
Year	1990
Author	R. J. McCall, P. R. Bennett, P. S. D’Oronzio, J. L. Ostwald, F. M. Shipman, N. F. Wallace
Affiliation	University of Colorado at Boulder, College of Environmental Design, Boulder, CO80309, USA
Abstract	PHIDIAS is a hypermedia system for supporting environmental design. It embodies a theory of design as continual alteration between two complementary activities: construction of solution form and argumentation about construction. To support theses activities it implements a number of advanced hypermedia concepts. These include an applicative query language providing search by both structure and content, virtual structures, composite graphic nodes, query based graphic clustering, and triggered queries which connect construction acts to relevant sections of the argumentative network. PHIDIAS constitutes a new type of integrated information environment for design.
Keywords	hypermedia, CAD, IRIS, virtual structures
pp	152-165

References

 

Title	An Integrated approach of knowledge acquisition by the hypertext system CONCORDE
Year	1990
Author	M. Hofmann, U. Schreiweis, H. Langendorfer
Affiliation	TU Braunschweig, Institut fur Betriebssysteme und Rechnerverbund, Bultenweg 74/75, D-3300 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany
Abstract	Knowledge acquisition is a crucial issue in developing expert systems. We describe a particular prototype of a hypertext system called CONCORDE that is able to support the entire process of knowledge acquisition. Since hypertext can be seen as a special structuring of various information units plus a fitting form of presentation, the data model of CONCORDE is discussed as well as its graphical browser.
Keywords	knowledge acquisition, typed links, CONCORDE
pp	166-179

References

 

Title	Hierarchy, Composition, Scripting Languages, and Translators for Structured Hypertext
Year	1990
Author	P. D. Stotts, R. Furuta
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Abstract	In this paper we describe a hypertext translator-generator system that uses xted, the visual petri net editor from the xtrellis hypertext system, to specify the semantic component of a string to graph translation. XTed specified parsers convert general authoring notations into structured xTrellis documents for browsing. The operative mechanism is termed a pair grammar, in which a string grammar and a graph grammar are paired in a one-to-one correspondence, When an xTed-specified parser reduces by one of its string grammar productions, the corresponding production in its graph grammar is used to generate a portion of the Petri net that implements that syntax. The use of pair grammars in conjunction with the Trellis model results in a general method of defining hypertext strucutre that is both hierarchical and compositional.
Keywords	hierarchy, graph grammar, translation, trellis, petri nets
pp	180-193

References

 

Title	Links and Structures in hypertext databases for law
Year	1990
Author	E. Wilson
Affiliation	Computing Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK
Abstract	This paper considers the need to automate the conversion of traditional legal documents into an integrated hypertext database. It describes how this has been done at the University of Kent at Canterbury by the Justus suite of programs, which converts legal documents of diverse structures to run under the Guide hypertext system. It discusses the types of links the system uses to cater for linear and hierarchical structures; directed graphs; annotational or associative links; index or concept links. It then discusses how these links can create different virtual structures for the document collection to give flexibility of access and navigation. Some of these mirror structures which exist in traditional paper systems; others are unique to computerised systems. Next it considers the use of embedded expert systems to steer variable paths through the documents. Finally it summarises the achievements so far, and the goals ahead.
Keywords	hypertext links, hypertext structures, information retrieval, law
pp	194-210

References

 

Title	An Apprentice that discovers hypertext links
Year	1990
Author	M. Bernstein
Affiliation	Eastgate Systems Inc. PO Box 1307, Cambridge, MA 02238 USA +1 617 924-9044
Abstract	A simple apprentice that proposes new content links in hypertexts has been added to the Hypergate hypertext environment, and its behavior and performance are evaluated under realistic conditions. Despite a fundamentally lexical approach, the link apprentice finds a significant number of intriguing and meaningful links very quickly and without substantial overhead.
Keywords	indexing, authoring systems, apprentices, tours, information retrieval
pp	212-223

References

 

Title	Towards an aesthetics of hypertext systems. A semiotic approach
Year	1990
Author	Peter Bogh Andersen
Affiliation	Department of Information and Media Science, University of Aarhus, Niels Juelsgade 84, DK-8200 Arhus, Denmark E-mail: pba@daimi.dk
Abstract	In hypertext the reader can choose between several reading paths, and this is an essential characteristic of the medium. Composing paths that give meaningful readings is an important task for the hypertext author, but so far very little is known of the rhetorics of paths. Based on the practical work of evaluating hypertext exercises written by students, the paper gives examples of errors of composition and sets up a conceptual framework, borrowed from semiotics, for discussing aesthetic issues of hypertext design. The concepts are intended to make it easier for the author to design the product from a reader’s point of view, and an authoring tool supporting these concepts is sketched. Finally, the paper illustrates how insights from text stylistics and film aesthetics can be usefully exploited in the field of hypertext.
Keywords	models of hypertext, authoring systems, models of reading and writing, aesthetics, semiotics
pp	224-237

References

 

Title	Linking considered harmful
Year	1990
Author	L. De Young
Affiliation	Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, 68 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94303 E-mail: deyoung@pw.com
Abstract	Arbitrary linking of data in hypertext allows for great flexibility, but the result is often hypertext in which users readily become disoriented. Where possible, it is desirable to provide support for structuring hypertext in a way that makes it easier to organize and understand. This can be done by identifying the underlying structure of the ways specific sets of data are related. Providing support for use of such structures in a hypertext system may yield benefits similar to those found in using higher-level programming constructs in programs.
Keywords	hypermedia, structure, disorientation
pp	238-249

References

 

Title	Interactive text processing by inexperienced (hyper-) readers
Year	1990
Author	J. F. Rouet
Affiliation	Universite de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Psychologie du Langage -URA CNRS 666, 95avenue du Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers-Cedex, France
Abstract	This paper focuses on the development of cognitive strategies in secondary school students, when learning to use electronic non-linear documents. We study the costs and benefits of learning through nonlinear texts, from a psycholinguistic point of view. In the course of two experimental sessions, 148 11-12 and 13-14 year old secondary school students were trained to use an interactive text-presentation software. Parameters such as the expression of relationships, selection marking, and pagination influenced both local and global aspects of nonlinear reading. Training improved orientation strategies at both academic levels. Implications of these results for the design of instructional nonlinear documents are discussed.
Keywords	cognitive strategy, instructional text, interface organization, orientation, training
pp	250-260

References

 

Title	Non-Intrusive Hypertext Anchors and individual colour markings
Year	1990
Author	W. J. Irler, G. Barbieri
Affiliation	Istituto di informatica, Universita di Trento, via Rosmini, 42, I-38100 Trento, Italy. E-mail: IRLER@IRST.UUCP
Abstract	One interface feature of hypertext systems is the visualization of the link anchors, often in form of buttons which invite to click on. This functional information increases the cognitive load while reading a text on the computer. Comprehension of the presented material competes with the orientation in the hypertext. The paper treats the cognitive arguments, and explores interface and back-end questions related to this problem. A browsing model is developed which proposes a button-less screen, a click-anywhere suggestion, and pop-up local maps as a selection and preview mechanism. Links are finally activated by mouse movements towards a destination area, rather than by still button pressing. As a way to individualize and restructure the visual aspect of the pages, the reader can permanently mark selected words with colour, marked words may be added to a keyword index which is linked back to the text. An experimental implementation uses ToolBook, a scripted construction set in MS-Windows 3.0. The design issues and some results are described for an educational application concerning pendulums.
Keywords	invisible anchors, text marking, browsing model
pp	261-273

References

 

Title	Satellite: hypermedia navigation by affinity
Year	1990
Author	X. Pintado, D. Tsichritzis
Affiliation	Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Universite de Geneve, 12 rue du Lac, CH-1207 Geneve, Switzerland
Abstract	Satellite is an exploration tool for a hypermedia environment. Navigation support is based on the concept of affinity between objects; that is, a relationship with an associated intensity. The user is presented with a two dimensional representation that provides a view of the hypermedia environment where objects lying close together have some affinity in the sense defined by a chosen measure. The system provides for multiple views by modifying the underlying measure of affinity. Satellite promotes hypermedia navigation by context-dependent proximity. Based on the affinity concept, we develop a dynamic layout algorithm for the display of views. Because the views are based on affinity information, the links of the hypergraph do not appear explicitly.
Keywords
pp	274-287

References

 

Title	Browsing in Hyperdocuments with the Assistance of Neural Network
Year	1990
Author	F. Biennier, M. Guivarch, J-M. Pinon
Affiliation	Laboratoire d’Informatique Appliquee, INSA de Lyon, Batiment 502, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France Tel: 33-72-43-83-83 ext. 5504 Fax: 33-72-44-08-00
Abstract	The high degree of freedom a user has to browse through a hyperdocument often makes him puzzled. His main problems are first the expression of his informal need, sometimes using ideas associations, then finding the path in the hyperspace to reach relevant information. The guiding system proposed in this paper enriches the hyperdocument structure with undirect semantic links, ie associations between nodes according to their contents. Nodes contents are connected to multimedia keywords called tags; direct and reverse associations between nodes and tags are embedded in a bidirectional neural network which allows inductive retrieval. One user controls the process thanks to some simple parameters: specialisation level for selected nodes, prevision of tags, inertia selector, tolerance functions for specialization and precision spreads. Upon request, the system dynamically raises a path that organizes the results of a query, contextual or not, adaptively taking into account users profile and special needs. Weights in the neural network may also be slightly corrected from experience, adapting the association capability to users on their average.
Keywords	semantic browsing, neural network, dynamic path
pp	288-297

References

 

Title	Microcosm: an open model for hypermedia with dynamic linking
Year	1990
Author	A. M. Fountain, W. Hall, I. Heath, H. C. Davis
Affiliation	Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO9 5NH
Abstract	There are currently a number of commercially available hypertext and hypermedia systems, of varying levels of sophistication and usability, but there are still many problems to be resolved in the design of such systems. In this paper, we itemise some of the major problems that we have identified as possibly causing a barrier to growth and development of hypermedia applications outside the research community. A model of an open hypermedia architecture with dynamic linking features is proposed that moves some way to resolving these problems, and the first implementation of the system, Microcosm, is presented and discussed.
Keywords	hypertext, multimedia, dynamic linking
pp	298-311

References

 

Title	Inside Macintosh as Hypertext
Year	1990
Author	Brian Bechtel
Affiliation	Apple Computer, Inc. 20525 Mariani Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA Internet: blob@apple.com
Abstract	SpInside Macintosh is a hypertext compact disc version of Inside Macintosh, the multi-volume programmer’s reference work for the Macintosh family of computers. SpInside Macintosh is implemented in HyperCard and distributed on CD-ROM. We describe the design decisions and principles we followed in creating SpInside Macintosh. We also give user feedback and a retrospective critique of the design.
Keywords	inside Macintosh, CD-ROM, hypertext
pp	312-323

References

 

Title	Hypertext from the Data Point of View: Paths and Links in the Perseus Project
Year	1990
Author	E. Mylonas, S. Heath
Affiliation	Department of the Classics, 319 Boylston Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
Abstract	The Perseus Project is building a system for studying classical Greece, incorporating into it several different types of source material. In order to minimize system development time, and to make it accessible to the users of the system faster, it is being developed on Macintosh computers, using HyperCard. This paper describes two navigational methods that have been created in Perseus: generalized linking, and paths. They were chosen because they could provide the most flexibility and the most functionality. Their implementation is briefly described, as well.
Keywords	linking, navigation, paths, Perseus Project
pp	324-336

References

1991 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Industrial Strength Hypermedia: Requirements for a Large Engineering Enterprise
Year	1991
Author	1. K. C. Malcolm, 2. S. E. Poltrock, D. Schuler
Affiliation	1. Applied Media Technologies, Boeing Computer Services, PO Box 24346, MS6C-98, Seattle, WA, 98124-0346 E-mail: malcolm@atc.boeing.com 2. Computer Science, Computer Services, PO Box 24346, MS7L-64, Seattle, WA, 98124-0346 E-mail: {poltrock, douglas}@atc.boeing.com
Abstract	Current hypermedia tools do not support the needs of collaborative work groups in distributed heterogeneous environments and cannot be integrated into the existing and planned computing environments at large enterprises like Boeing. It is in meeting these needs, however, that hypermedia could make its greatest impact. Hypermedia systems must evolve beyond their current standalone status into a technology that is truly integrative. We use a description of some current hypermedia projects and a representative future scenario to help identify technical requirements and strategies for developing and deploying hypermedia that is of sufficient "industrial strength" to support a large engineering enterprise. This paper is addressed to hypermedia researchers and developers as well as to our colleagues in other business and engineering organizations. The intent of this paper is to remind both the research and development communities of the urgent "real-world" needs that exist and to encourage dialogue between the two worlds.
Keywords	Engineering applications, requirements, interoperability, deployment
pp	13-24

References , Full text

 

Title	Using Hypertext in Selecting Reusable Software Components
Year	1991
Author	M . L. Creech, D. F. Freeze, M. L. Griss
Affiliation	Software and Systems Laboratory, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, 1501 Page Mill Road, Building 1U, Palo Alto, California 94304. E-mail: freeze@hplabs.hp.com
Abstract	Recently, there has been increasing interest in software reuse as a way to improve software quality and productivitiy. One of the major problems with reusing libraries of software components is helping users effectively select (find and understand) components of interest. This paper explores the use of hypertext to enhance the process of component selection through a prototype system called Kiosk. Included are discussions of the selection process, why hypertext is well suited for supporting selection, and important characteristics of hypertext systems intended to support reuse. Also discussed are how reusable libraries can be structured using hypertext, how such libraries can be mechanically built, and how their use enhances the component selection process. Kiosk consists of an open set of tools that can create, browse and modify nodes and links in a software library. One of these tools, Cost++, can automatically generate a linked structure for libraries by clustering workproducts into components, and then placing components into multiple classification hierarchies. The Kiosk browsing tools allow users to peruse the components in libraries, examine library structures from multiple perspectives, and add new links and nodes to enhance the standard library structure.
Keywords	software reuse, software libraries, component selection, hypertext, Kiosk
pp	25-38

References , Full text

 

Title	Intellectural Property Rights for Digital Library and Hypertext Publishing Systems: an analysis of Xanadu
Year	1991
Author	1. Pamela Samuelson, 2. Robert J. Glushko
Affiliation	1. University of Pittsburgh School of Law 2. Hypertext Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA
Abstract	Copyright law is being applied to works in digital form. The special character of digital media will inevitably require some adjustments in the copyright model if digital libraries and hypertext publishing environments are to become as commercially viable as the print industries have been. An intellectual property system works only when it embodies a reasonably accurate model of how people are likely to behave, but it is hard to predict author and reader behavior in an environment that has yet to be built. By far the most ambitious proposal for a digital library and hypertext publishing environment is Ted Nelson’s Xanadu system. This paper reviews the intellectual property scheme in Xanadu, and contrasts it with current copyright law. Xanadu’s predictions about reader and author behavior are examined in light of how people currently behave in computer conferencing, electronic mail, and similar existing systems. These analyses identify some respects in which intellectual property systems might have to be changed to make digital libraries and hypertext publishing systems viable.
Keywords
pp	39-50

References , Full text

 

Title	Indexing Hypertext Documents in Context
Year	1991
Author	Guy A. Boy
Affiliation	NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 244-17, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA Tel: 415-604-3369 E-mail: boy@ptolemy.arc.nasa.gov
Abstract	To generate intelligent indexing that allows context-sensitive information retrieval, a system must be able to acquire knowledge directly through interaction with users. In this paper, we present the architecture for CID (Computer Integrated Documentation), a system that enables integration of various technical documents in a hypertext framework and includes an intelligent browsing system that incorporates indexing in context. CID’s knowledge-based indexing mechanism allows case-based knowledge acquisition by experimentation. It utilizes on-line user information requirements and suggestions either to reinforce current indexing in case of success or to generate new knowledge in case of failure. This allows CID’s intelligent interface system to provide helpful responses, even when no a priori user model is available. Our system in fact learns how to exploit a user model based on experience (from user feedback). We describe CID’s current capabilities and provide an overview of our plans for extending the system..
Keywords	contextual indexing, information retrieval, tailorable system, context acquisition, hypertext
pp	51-61

References , Full text

 

Title	Identifying Aggregates in Hypertext Structures
Year	1991
Author	R. A. Botafogo and B. Shneiderman
Affiliation	Human-computer Interaction Laboratory and Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Abstract	Hypertext systems are being used in many applications because of their flexible structure and the great browsing freedom they give to diverse communities of users. However, this same freedom and flexibility is the cause of one of its main problems: the "lost in hyperspace" problem. One reason for the complexity of hypertext databases is the large number of nodes and links that compose them. To simplify this structure we propose that nodes and links be clustered forming more abstract structures. An abstraction is the concealment of all but relevant properties from an object or concept. One type of abstraction is called an aggregate. An aggregate is a set of distinct concepts that taken together form a more abstract concept. For example, two legs, a trunk, two arms and a head can be aggregated together in a single higher level object called a body. In this paper we will study the hypertext structure, ie the way nodes are linked to each other in order to find aggregates in hypertext databases. Two graph theoretical algorithms will be used: biconnected components and strongly connected components.
Keywords	hypertext, structural analysis, graph theory, abstraction, aggregation, generalization
pp	63-74

References , Full text

 

Title	Implementing Hypertext Database Relationships through Aggregations and Exceptions
Year	1991
Author	1. Y. Hara; 2. A. M. Keller; 3. G. Widerhold
Affiliation	1. NEC Corporation and Stanford University; 2. Advanced Decision Systems and Stanford University; 3. Stanford University. Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305-2140, USA
Abstract	In order to combine hypertext with database facilities, we show how to extract an effective storage structure from given instance relationships. The schema of the structure recognizes clusters and exceptions. Extracting high-level structures is useful for providing a high performance browsing environment as well as efficient phsyical database design, especially when handling large amounts of data. This paper focuses on a clustering method, ACE, which generates aggregations and exceptions from the original graph structure in order to capture high-level relationships. The problem of minimizing the cost function is NP-complete. We use a heuristic approach based on an extended Kernighan-Lin algorithm. We demonstrate our method on a hypertext application and on a standard random graph, compared with its analytical model. The storage reductions of input database size in main memory were 77.2% and 12.3% respectively. It was also useful for secondary storage organization for efficient retrieval.
Keywords	hypertext database, physical database design, database clustering, overview diagram, aggregation, exception
pp	75-90

References , Full text

 

Title	Screen management in hypertext systems with rubber sheet layouts
Year	1991
Author	1. Marc Kaltenbach; 2. Francois Robillard, Claude Frasson
Affiliation	1. Department of Management and Information Sciences, Bishops University, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada, J1M 1Z7 2. Departement Informatique et Recherche Operationnelle, Universite de Montreal, CP 6128 succursale A, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
Abstract	This paper addresses the issue of screen management in hypertext systems. It presents a new way of placing windows, or any graphical object delimited by rectangular boundaries, in the context of an existing set of windows. The heart of the technique presented is a particular re-scaling of the display which changes the locations of objects while maintaining their sizes and avoiding object overlapping. This functionality has uses both for authoring and browsing hypertext documents. In particular it enables the display of hierarchically structured information at various levels of detail and complements other visual graph management functions. More generally, the objective is to attenuate the feeling of disorientation users experience when related informations obtained through hypertext browsing are stacked upon a display screen. This work suggests extending hypertext systems by enabling users to create well structured information "collages" and to program animated presentations on the basis of browsing through ill or differently structured collections of documents.
Keywords	collage, graph, hypertext, motion picture, rubber sheet layout, scale factor, tack point
pp	91-105

References , Full text

 

Title	Cybermap: yet another way of navigating in hyperspace
Year	1991
Author	Peter A. Gloor
Affiliation	Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
Abstract	By integrating dynamic linking and automatic link generation in to the automatic generation of an overview map we get a unique tool for navigation in hyperspace. We introduce the concept of Hyperdrawers to get a means for the partitioning of nodes in ordered sequences. Cybermap either complements existing navigational aids for hyperdocuments or provides a self-sufficient navigation tool for browsing in a document. In addition, Cybermap offers the capability of horizontal growth and easy hypertextualization of non-hypertextual documents without restricting the use of already installed browsing mechanisms besides Cybermap
Keywords	overview map, automatic link generation, dynamic linking, fisheye views, hypertext conversion, navigation in hyperspace
pp	107-122

References , Full text

 

Title	Flying through Hypertext
Year	1991
Author	Patrick Lai, Udi Manber
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85721
Abstract	Hypertext systems provide links between different pieces of information (text, figures, pictures, etc.) so that the reader can follow many different paths corresponding to lines of thoughts, levels of description, levels of details and so on. One of the main problems in using hypertext systems is the navigation problem. Users tend to get lost partly because the information they are reading can have a complicated structure which is usually unknown to them. We study in this paper a technique to help users orient themselves by a quick browsing, which we can flying, through hypertext. … Our tool is analogous to flipping the pages of a book with one notable exception: the flipping is not necessarily in a linear order. The availability of the links and the structure that they provide enable flexible flipping in many different orders controlled by the reader. The key to any flipping is speed. The goal is not to digest the contents of the pages, but rather to gain some insight to features such as organization, size, depth, level, detail, and so on. Another analogy is to seeing a movie, or better yet a videodisk, in fast forward. There are certain characteristics of the movie that can be studied better that way. Flying can also be used to move fast from one place to another in the hypertext following a certain order of traversal. Flying is not intended to replace any of the other navigation tools: it is an additional tool.
Keywords
pp	123-132

References , Full text

 

Title	Hyperspeech: Navigating in speech-only hypermedia
Year	1991
Author	B. Arons
Affiliation	MIT Media Laboratory, 20 Ames Street, E15-353, Cambridge, MA 02139 E-mail: barons@media-lab.mit.edu
Abstract	Most hypermedia systems emphasize the integration of graphics, images, video and audio into a traditional hypertext framework. The hyperspeech system described in this paper, a speech-only hypermedia application, explores issues of navigation and system architecture ina n audio environment without a visual display. The system under development uses speech recognition to manoeuver in a database of digitally recorded speech segments; synthetic speech is used for control information and user feedback. In this research prototype, recorded audio interviews were segmented by topic, and hypertext-style links were added to connect logically related comments and ideas. The software architecture is data driven, with all knowledge embedded in the links and nodes, allowing the software that traverses through the network to be straightforward and concise. Several user interfaces were prototyped, emphasizing different styles of speech interaction and feedback between the user and machine. In addition to the issues of navigation in a speech-only database, areas of continuing research include dynamically extending the database, use of audio and voice cues to indicate landmarks, and the simultaneous presentation of multiple channels of speech information.
Keywords
pp	133-146

References , Full text

 

Title	Hypermedia Templates: an author’s tool
Year	1991
Author	1.Karen Smith Catlin, L. Nancy Garrett; 2. Julie Launhardt
Affiliation	1. Institute for Information and Scholarship, Brown University, Box 1946 Providence, RI02912, USA 2. Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group, PO Box 3707, Mail Stop OF-HA Seattle, WA 98124-2207, USA
Abstract	Recently Brown University’s Institute for research in information and Scholarship extended Intermedia to allow authors to define Hypermedia Templates - sets of pre-linked documents which can be duplicated. Templates facilitate the creation of consistent hypermedia collections by automating what can be a laborious task, making documents and forging links manually. In this paper we discuss the Hypermedia Templates project. We first describe a collection of Intermedia materials that has been electronically published and explain the information design principles that were applied to it. We point out some general principles for building consistent hypermedia collections and discuss how these were reflected in the list of features for Hypermedia Templates. We then describe a user’s interaction with a prototypical Hypermedia Template, as well as details of the user interface that we have built to provide template functionality in Intermedia. Finally, we identify some key features that would be important compoinents of any next-generation template software.
Keywords	hypermedia templates, hypermedia design principles, intermedia
pp	147-160

References , Full text

 

Title	What’s Eliza doing in the Chinese Room? Incoherent hyperdocuments - and how to avoid them
Year	1991
Author	M. Thuring, J. M. Haake, J. Hanneman
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute, Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung, PO Box 104326, Dolivostrasse 15, D-610 Darmstadt, F. R. Germany e-mail: thuering@darmstadt.gmd.de
Abstract	Research on understanding linear texts has shown that comprehension and navigation mainly depend on the reader’s ability to construct a coherent mental representation. While the author of a traditional document can use a variety of structural cues to support his readers in building up such a representation, the author of a hyperdocument faces a new problem. If he wants to ensure that his readers understand the entire hyperdocument as a coherent entity, he needs means to indicate its structure in a comprehensible way. In this paper, we propose a construction kit which provides dedicated design objects for this purpose The design objects can be characterized as building blocks for three functionally different components of a hyperdocument: its content part, organizational part, and presentational part. In addition to the design objects, we propose some design rules which should guide the construction of coherent hyperdocuments.
Keywords	design of hyperdocuments, coherent hyperdocuments, rhetorics of hypertext, hyperdocument construction kit, labelled links, composite nodes, navigation, comprehension of hyperdocuments
pp	161-177

References , Full text

 

Title	ABC: A hypermedia system for artifact-based collaboration
Year	1991
Author	John B. Smith, F. Donelson Smith
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, CB#3175, Sitterson Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3175, USA e-mail: jbs@cs.unc.edu or smithfd@cs.unc.edu
Abstract	Our project is studying the process by which groups of individuals work together to build large, complex structures of ideas, and we are developing a distributed hypermedia system to support that process. This description includes a brief overview of the system, but emphasizes three components: a hypermedia data management system or graph server, a set of browsers for working with graph objects, and a set of applications for working with data contents of graph nodes. A number of research issues are raised and discussed in context, including composite objects, anchored links, scaling up for large applications, partitioning the hypermedia graph, consistency and completeness across subgraphs and an open, extensible architecture for applications.
Keywords
pp	179-191

References , Full text

 

Title	The nested context model for hyperdocuments
Year	1991
Author	1. M. A. Casanova, L. Tucherman; 2. M. J. D. Lima, J. L. Rangel Netto, N. Rodriguez, L. F. G. Soares
Affiliation	1. Centro Cientifico Rio, IBM Brasil, PO Box 4624, 20.001 Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil e-mail casanova@riovmsc.vnet.ibm.com 2. Departamento de Informatica, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do RJ, R. Marques de S. Vicente, 225, 22.453 Rio de Janeiro, RJ-Brasil
Abstract	This paper describes the nested context model, a conceptual framework for the definition, presentation and browsing of documents. The model carefully combines hypertext links with the concept of context nodes, used to group together sets of nodes. Context nodes can be nested to any depth and thus generalize the classical hierarchical organization of documents. The nested context model also defines an abstract and flexible application program interface that captures the idea that different applications may observe the same node in different ways. Finally, the model offers a rich set of operations to explore the double structure of a hyperdocument - that defined by the links and that induced by the nesting of context nodes.
Keywords
pp	193-201

References , Full text

 

Title	Issues for Modeling a "Dynamic" hypertext interface for non-hypertext systems
Year	1991
Author	Michael Bieber
Affiliation	Boston College, Computer Science Department, Fulton 430, Chestnut Hill, MA02167-3808 Tel. 617-552-3964; Fax 617-552-2097 e-mail: bieberm@bcvms.bitnet; bieberm@bcvms.bs.edu
Abstract	Many hypertext systems are primarily static systems that were designed specifically to apply a hypertext interface to a particular domain. For us, hypertext is a tool for augmenting "dynamic" non-hypertext information systems such as decision support systems and expert systems. Many information systems require a dynamic implementation of hypertext, one that relies primarily on virtual structures and computation to generate a hypertext network in real time. This paper explores the demands our dynamic view of hypertext makes on hypertext standards from two angles. First, what coordination is necessary to establish a dynamic hypertext interface to an arbitrary front-end or back-end information system? Here we introduce the concept of bridge laws to map application components to hypertext structures. Second, how does a dynamic view of hypertext affect document interchange among hypertext systems and between a hypertext and non-hypertext system?
Keywords	hypertext computation, hypertext virtual structures, bridge laws, decision sypport systems, information systems, document interchange, knowledge-based system shell architecture
pp	203-217

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Title	Dynamic Adaptation of Hypertext Structure
Year	1991
Author	1. P. D. Stotts; 2. R. Furuta
Affiliation	1. Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611 2. Department of Computer Science and Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Abstract	A technique is described for adapting the apparent structure of a hypertext to the bahavior and preferences exhibited by its users while browsing. Examples are given an implementation of this technique using the timing mechanism in Trellis. In the technique, event durations in a document are altered without actually changing the links in the underlying Petri net. The two extrema of instantaneous events and infinite delays can be used to create apparent node and link deletions and additions, as well as to insert new tokens (loci of activity) into the document. Adaptation of these times is accomplished using a simple data state in which the event timings (and other document properties) are variables, called attributes. As a reader traverses hypertext links, author-supplied adaptation agents are invoked to collect information and possibly change the values of the attributes. Agents encapsulate and effect the criteria for deciding when, and specifically how, a structure should be adapted. Several practical examples illustrate the conclusion of this report: sophisticated alterations do not require a complicated adaptation mechanism, that changing document constants into document variables provides flexibility to this mechanism, and that using a limited simple mechanism is the only hope for retaining analysis of the static and dynamic net properties.
Keywords	hypertext, trellis, petri nets, place/transition nets, browsing semantics, adaptation, parallel computation model, timing
pp	219-231

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Title	Don’t link me in: set based hypermedia for taxonomic reasoning
Year	1991
Author	H. van dyke Parunak
Affiliation	Industrial Technology Institute, PO Box 1485, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Tel. 313-769-4049; Fax 313-769-4064 e-mail: van@iti.org
Abstract	Hypermedia is often described as nodes of information with links between them, suggesting the conceptual model of a graph. A broader definition is a system of nodes of information through which people can move non-linearly. Such a definition, while including graph-based hypermedia, also allows alternative implementations. This paper illustrates the need for alternative models by exhibiting a particular reasoning task for which navigating among nodes by way of explicit links is less effective than an alternative model of intersecting sets of nodes. The task is taxonomic reasoning, a particular kind of reasoning task that deals with the comparison and classification of highly similar nodes, in which an analyst viewing one node thinks not in terms of linking it to another node, but of including it in or excluding it from a set of related nodes. This paper discusses this kind of reasoning and describes HyperSet, a set-based hypermedia system designed to support it. It compares HyperSet with other tools that support taxonomic reasoning, discusses the formal and implementational relationships between graph-based and set-based hypermedia, and defines the features that are required in a hybrid system that can concurrently support both set and graph manipulations.
Keywords	user models, taxonomic reasoning, interfaces, system architectures
pp	233-242

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Title	Architectures for Volatile Hypertext
Year	1991
Author	1. M. Bernstein; 2. J. D. Bolter; 3. M. Joyce; 4. E. Mylonas
Affiliation	1. Eastgate Systems Inc. 134 Main Street, Watertown, MA 02172 USA 2. Department of Literature, Communication and Culture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-1065, USA 3. Jackson Community College, 2111 Emmons Road, Jackson, MI49201, USA 4. Project Perseus, Harvard University, 319 Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Abstract
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pp	243-260

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Title	Aquanet: a hypertext tool to hold your knowledge in place
Year	1991
Author	C. C. Marshall, F. G. Halasz, R. A. Rogers, W. C. Janssen
Affiliation	Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA94304
Abstract	Hypertext systems have traditionally focused on information management and presentation. In contrast, the Aquanet hypertext system described in this paper is designed to support knowledge structuring tasks. Aquanet is a browser-based tool that allows users to graphically represent information in order to explore its structure. In this paper, we discuss our motivations for developing Aquanet. We then describe the basic concepts underlying the tool and give an overview of the user interface. We close with some brief comments about our initial experiences with the tool in use and some of the directions we see the Aquanet research moving in the near future.
Keywords
pp	261-275

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Title	The Pedagogy of Computing: Hypermedia in the Classroom
Year	1991
Author	Dr. Charles Ess
Affiliation	Philosophy and Religion Deparment, Drury College, 900 N Benton Avenue, Springfield, MO USA 65802. BITNET: dru001d@SMSVMA
Abstract	I describe how I have used IRIS intermedia, a sophisticated hypermedia program, in teaching an upper-level class on the emergence of philosophy and science in the context of religious story and material culture. I first describe the program and summarize the pedagogical results of using the program as documented at Brown University. I then describe various uses of the program in the Drury class and the observed impacts of these uses. Our experience with hypermedia at Drury College both corroborates and extends the pedagogical impacts of hypermedia already documented at Brown University, especially in terms of dramatically increasing student mastery of difficult material, and student involvement in the course through collaborative learning strategies supported by hypermedia resources distributed across a network. These pedagogically desirable benefits, however, are accompanied by concerns regarding fragmentation and decentering in student work in hypermedia and regarding ethical irresponsibility towards shared and thus vulnerable resources. These results are especially significant as they demonstrate that instructors with relatively limited resources can nonetheless reap dramatic pedagogical benefits from hypermedia technologies in the classroom. This also means relatively exotic hypermedia technologies may successfully migrate to the resource-limited classrooms of smaller colleges and universities.
Keywords	hypertext, hypermedia, IRIS intermedia, history of philosophy, history of science, pedagogy, collaborative learning, electronic conferencing, electronic journaling, computer ethics, Postmodernism
pp	277-289

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Title	Beyond the Electronic Book: A critique of hypertext rhetoric
Year	1991
Author	S. Moulthrop
Affiliation	School of Literature,Communication and Culture, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Abstract
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pp	290-298

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Title	Hypertext for the Electronic Library? CORE sample results
Year	1991
Author	D. E. Egan, M. E. Lesk, R. D. Ketchum, C. C. Lochbaum, J. R. Remde, M. Littman, T. K. Landauer
Affiliation	Belcore, Morristown, New Jersey
Abstract	The Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment, or CORE project, is studying the possibility of creating a useful, usable electronic library for chemistry researchers. In a preliminary study, chemists were observed performing five different tasks representative of typical uses of the scientific journal literature. The tasks simulated browsing journals, answering specific questions given a citation to an article, answering specific questions given no citation, writing essays to summarize and integrate information, and finding "analogous transformations" for chemical reactions. Chemists carried out these tasks using one of three systems: (a) the printed journals supplemented with a widely used printed index system, (b) hypertext system (the SuperBook document browser), or (c) a new electronic system (Pixlook) that incorporates traditional document retrieval methods plus full text indexing and delivers bitmap images of journal pages. Both electronic systems had a large advantage over the printed system for search and essay tasks. SuperBook users were faster and more accurate than Pixlook users at finding information relevant to browsing and search topics. Certain SuperBook hypertext features, hwoever, did not work as well as Pixlook for displaying target articles. The patterns of data and log files of subjects suggests how SuperBook, Pixlook and related systems might be improved.
Keywords	evaluation, information retrieval, hypertext design
pp	299-312

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Title	HDM - a model for the design of hypertext applications
Year	1991
Author	1. Franca Garzotto, Paolo Paolini; 2. Daniel Schwabe
Affiliation	1. Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy; E-nmail: relett34@imipoli.bitnet 2, Department of Informatics, Pontificia Universidade Catolica, R. M. de S. Vicente, 225, 22453 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Abstract	We present the latest developments of HDM a design model for hypertext applciations. The basic features of HDM are the representation of applications through several design primitives: typed entities composed of hierarchies of components; different perspectives for each component; units corresponding to component-perspective pairs; bodies representing the actual content of the units; structural links, binding together components or sub-entities of the same entity; typed application links, interconnecting components belonging to different entities; and a specific browsing semantics based on anchors, as a way to activate many different link types from within a unit. The development of HDM is part of the HYTEA project, carried on by a European consortium, aiming at the development of a set of authoring tools for an engineered development of hypertext/hypermedia applications. A hYTEA application is made by an HDM schema and an HDM Hyperbase (i.e. a set of instances). The basic HDM has already been shown to be translatable, either mannually or through a compiler, into a node-and-link model (a la DEXTER model); the translated application can be targeted on several implementation tools (i.e., standard hypertext tools already available on the market.) HDM has already been used to develop a small number of applications, and to describe pre-existing applications. These experiments have shown the need for improvements that are discussed in the paper: aggregate entities; sharing of components; is-a relationships and inheritance between entity types; sharing of bodies; structured access and guided tours; use of active media (animations and video-clips).
Keywords
pp	313-328

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Title	Using structured types to incorporate knowledge in hypertext
Year	1991
Author	J. Nanard, M. Nanard
Affiliation	Department of Knowledge Acquisition and Representation, Laboratoire d’Informatique de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 860 rue de Saint Priest, 34090 Montpellier, Fran ce. E-mail: nanard@crim.fr
Abstract	It has been shown that the famous problem of user disorientation in hypertext is not due to the concept of hypertext itself but rather generally results from the lack of a conceptual model for hypertext application . Unfortunately, in most hypertext systems, the weakness of structure specification mechanisms discourages the development and use of such a model since it is difficult to reinforce hypertext structure and to really incorporate knowledge. A lot of works provide intelligent mechanisms to help navigation but either they use external knowledge or automatically synthesize links from information included in nodes which tehreby hav eno sufficient conceptual value. The present paper focuses on an object -oriented hypertext model (implemented in the MacWeb system) using structured types to incorporate knowledge in hypertexts. Concepts and their relationships as well as their instances and their own relationships may be represented. Such a model makes th e capture of knowledge at source easier, thus allowing a more conceptual navigation. Furthermore, active behaviors may be associated, as methods, to types. This provides a powerful mechanism to help develop structured hypertext as well as task centered a pplications, by taking advantage of knowledge representation.
Keywords	structured types, knowledge representation, object-oriented, hypertext model, document synthesis
pp	51-62

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Title	Hypertext and Structured Object Representation: a unifying view
Year	1991
Author	1. Hermann Kaindl; 2. Mikael Snaprud
Affiliation	1. Siemens AG Osterreich, Programm-und Systementwicklung, Gudrunstrasse 11, A-1100 Vienna, Austria 2. Technische Universitat Wien, Inst. Fur Machinen und Prozessautomatisierung, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
Abstract	This paper addresses combining hypertext with knowledge representation as used in knowledge-based systems. Hypertext imposes explicit structure on text, whereas certain knowledge representation formalisms of A1 are designed for strucutring knowledge. We propose a way of tightly integrating hypertext and structured object representation, using AI frames for the basic representation of hypertext nodes. Moreover, we allow for the additional option of explicit representation of structure using partitions of hypertet nodes, which are realized as slots. In order to make the text more dynamic, our approach facilitates some aspects of object-oriented programming using message passing from the text in the browser. The proposed tight integration is useful for design tasks, in particular for building knowledge-based systems. According to our experience, hypertext provides a useful intermediary representation of knowledge between informal and formal. Based on a level of basic hypertext functionality, we provide several features useful for supporting knowledge acquisition. As an example of our results of using this method of knowledge acquisition, we illustrate the strategic knowledge in our application domain. In addition, tight integration supports important aspects of software engineering and the user interface. Moreover we discuss several advantages from a hypertext point of view. In particular, the partitions of hypertext nodes can be useful for selective inheritance of text. In summary, both AI and hypertext will benefit from such a tight integration
Keywords	hypertext, frames, knowledge representation, knowledge-based systems, knowledge acquisition
pp	345-358

References , Full text

1992 Hypertext Conference